Canadian government decides that your sewage doesn’t stink for up to 30 years from now

Last week, the Canadian Press reported the results of a two-year long information request regarding a database held by Environment Canada on spills.  The results are disturbing, but not surprising.  The Canadian Press claims that the database lists 6,555 spills in 18 metropolitan areas since 2004, including over 500 sewage spills.  Total sewage discharges in Canada are estimated at 6 trillion litres per year, with over 150 billion litres of this likely untreated.  These discharges present a serious environmental concern, and are one of the largest pollution sources in Canadian waters.

Metals, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, bacteria, nutrients and emerging contaminants such as endocrine disruptors are released through municipal wastewater.   Wastewater effluent impacts can include fish kills, algal blooms, the destruction of habitat from sedimentation, debris, toxicity, and increased water flow.  Human health risks can also occur.  Wastewater can contaminate drinking water sources with bacteria, protozoans, and several other toxic substances. Canadians may also be put at risk from consuming contaminated fish and engaging in recreational activities in contaminated waters.

In Alberta, a municipal wastewater system requires an approval under the provincial Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act. The Wastewater and Storm Drainage Regulation and Wastewater and Storm Drainage (Ministerial) Regulation provide additional requirements for registration of wastewater lagoons.  The guide document used by Alberta Environment applies “Best Practicable Technology” standards for municipalities.

The federal Fisheries Act prohibits anyone from depositing or permitting the deposit of a deleterious substance in (or near) water frequented by fish.  There is no federal legislation authorizing the discharge of municipal effluent that is “deleterious” to fish.  In many cases, the level of treatment provided by Canadian municipalities is unlawful under the federal Fisheries Act; meaning that contamination resulting from wastewater discharges harms or kills fish.  These discharges are illegal whether or not they comply with the provincial permit.

The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) has proposed regulations under the Fisheries Act to set clearer standards for some substances in municipal wastewater.  These regulations authorize discharges of deleterious substances as long as they fall below set limits, similar to provincial permit schemes, but with a particular emphasis on fish health.

Municipalities have often argued that how they spend their money is their business, even if they spend it on other priorities at the expense of clean drinking water, safe swimming areas and a healthy aquatic environment.

Municipalities have also argued that clear, fair, set discharge limits should be replaced with ambiguous and burdensome site-specific risk analysis of whether harm occurs.  Such approaches present significant enforcement and compliance challenges by involving complex calculations about mixing, risk and biological harm and require extensive monitoring and assessment to identify violations.

To some extent, the proposed CCME regulations accept the “risk management” approach advocated by municipalities, in that the regulations don’t include limits for phosphorus, nitrogen and fecal coliforms.  They also apply only to wastewater systems that have the capacity to deposit 1000 cubic metres per day.  The regulations don’t apply in the NWT, Nunavut, Northern Quebec or Labrador. The proposed regulations also do not address the management of emerging contaminants of concern from pharmaceuticals and other sources.

The proposed federal regulations would give municipalities lengthy timelines of up to 30 years to comply with standards for only a few contaminants.  Wastewater systems posing a high risk would be required to meet the effluent quality standards within 10 years; those posing a medium risk within 20 years; and those posing low risk, within 30 years.  This will leave some otherwise illegal facilities exempted from fisheries laws that have been violated for decades.

The proposed CCME regulations would require that some municipalities and wastewater lagoons upgrade to meet the new federal requirements.  According to the regulatory analysis, in Alberta it is suggested that there are 48 facilities requiring upgrades, the majority of which are considered medium risk.

Alberta Environment’s  “Best Practicable Technology” standards for municipalities are roughly comparable to the proposed CCME standards except the regulation of ammonia and chlorine, which are both important contaminants not addressed in the provincial standard.

There is no assurance from regulators that public health and the environment will be adequately protected while municipalities take 10-30 years to comply.  These timelines are not consistent with those ordered by the courts on the rare occasions when municipalities have been charged and convicted.

Lengthy timelines are unfair to the public and the environment since some municipalities have been aware that they have illegally harmed fish and contaminated the environment for many years, and have been aware that these new standards were coming since 2003.  In essence, the proposed regulations fail to recognize fully the duty of municipalities to protect the environment and comply with the law – and at the same time ignore the harm to public resources caused by further delay.

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The scales of just-fish: are letters of advice crappie ways to minnow-mize harm? The case of Cassiar Watch

The scales of just-fish: are letters of advice crappie ways to minnow-mize harm?  The case of Cassiar Watch

The federal Fisheries Act R.S.C. 1985, c. F-14 is one of Canada’s oldest and most important environmental laws.  Sections 35 and 36 of the Act are directed at the protection of fish and fish habitat from practices that might harmfully alter and destroy fish habitat, and practices that may pollute water respectively.  These two sections are arguably the most important environmental provisions relating to water quality and riparian land management.

Section 35(1) of the Fisheries Act provides a general prohibition on the “harmful alteration, disruption or destruction” of fish habitat, often referred to as “HADD.” This means that any activity by any person in Canada, in or around fish habitat that results in HADD is illegal. The only relief from this general prohibition is when an authorization is provided by the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) under s. 35(2) of the Fisheries Act.

Authorizations under s. 35 are also “triggers” for an environmental assessment under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act S.C. 1992, c. 37 (CEAA).  This means that if anyone wants to undertake a project that will destroy fish habitat, they must apply for a s. 35(2) authorization, and before they can get one, they must provide an environmental assessment of the project to DFO.  This assessment can be approved only if the project as a whole will not likely result in any significant adverse environmental effects or the effects are likely but can be “justified in the circumstances.”  In this way, projects that will disrupt fish habitat are fully assessed for the range of potential impacts on the environment in a transparent manner.

The combination of authorization and environmental assessment has resulted in the key importance of s.35 of the Fisheries Act to environmental law in Canada.  It ensures that any project that interferes with fish-bearing waterways is done with a view to sustainable development and is subject to public scrutiny.

However a number of driving forces at the federal level have resulted in a diminishment of the utility of the Fisheries Act for environmental protection.  Since approximately 1995 the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans has utilized a device known as a “letter of advice.”  These letters are sent by DFO to project proponents and purport to assess the risk of HADD for a given project.  Environmentalists in Canada have been extremely concerned about the growing use of letters of advice over the last fifteen years because instead of a full assessment of the project and its potential impacts, DFO does a very limited summary evaluation of potential impacts.  If a letter of advice “advises” the proponent that destruction of fish habitat is “unlikely” then no section 35(2) authorization is sought.  For over a decade now, environmentalists have argued that the use of letters of advice was an unlawful way for DFO to avoid conducting environmental assessments and monitoring authorizations for the destruction of fish habitat.

Letters of advice have no specific legislative authority behind them in the Fisheries Act.  This administrative “risk management” approach taken by DFO is of great significance to environmental law and the rule of law in Canada.  At its core, the issue is whether administrative agencies, such as DFO, can circumvent the intention of the legislature (i.e. that fish habitat destruction be authorized and assessed) through administrative policies and devices.  On the ground, this question relates to whether the public, fishers and those who use waterways know about projects that may disturb or destroy fish habitat and are able to communicate with government officials about potential impacts on communities and the environment before irreversible decisions are made.

According to a 2008 affidavit sworn by Martha Kostuch: prior to the enactment of the CEAA, the number of authorizations annually by DFO under s.35(2) was in the range of the tens of thousands.  Subsequent to the adoption of the DFO risk management approach these numbers plummeted to less than a thousand annually.  This suggests that the risk management framework is aimed less at providing advice on whether projects require an authorization and more at providing a mechanism for avoiding DFO’s daunting environmental assessment responsibilities.

The occasions on which the letters of advice and operational “risk management” policy of DFO have been challenged by environmentalists in a variety of ways that are too numerous to list fully here.  One of the earlier legal commentaries on letters of advice was Friends of the West Country Association v. Canada (Minister of Fisheries and Oceans), [1997] F.C.J. No. 556 (Friends of the West Country).  That case dealt with a motion to produce a letter of advice relevant to that case.  In that instance the Federal Court did not mince words:

Apparently, it is the respondent’s submission that a policy which the DFO has developed internally without any explicit statutory foundation to do so will in some way relieve the Minister of statutory obligations or limit the obligations of the Minister vis a vis subsections 35(2) and 37(2) of the Fisheries Act and, in turn, paragraph 5(1)(d) of the CEAA. ….This is a transparent bureaucratic attempt at sheer evasion of binding statutory imperatives. It is neither cute nor smart, and this Court is not duped by it. By making “policy” not contemplated by the statutes, the DFO types simply cannot immunize the Minister and DFO from judicial review, nor circumvent the environment laws which they decline to obey.

The motion decision these comments are part of was about the production of the letters and so did not affect the validity of letters of advice. Yet one might have expected that DFO would revise its policy in light of the court’s very pointed and unequivocal comments.  DFO made no such changes.

Also of significance is the 2007 environmental petition by Albertan Martha Kostuch seeking justification for the policy from DFO.  The DFO response was that “the Department does not need Parliamentary approval to provide advice to proponents on how to avoid impacts to fish habitat.”  However, letters of advice are much more than simply advice about how to avoid fish habitat impacts, they are factual assessments of the likely impacts of projects that actively circumvent the requirements set out by Parliament in the CEAA for conducting those assessments of risk and mitigation of impacts. This is clear from another part of DFO’s response which states: “Letters of advice confirm that the proposed plan for a work or undertaking will avoid harmful alteration, disruption or destruction of fish habitat and hence comply with section 35(1) of the Fisheries Act.”

Through Martha Kostuch’s petition, it became apparent that DFO relied upon letters of advice to avoid applying environmental assessment requirements, and also that it had no clear process or accountability mechanism for ensuring that fish habitat was not actually damaged in projects that received letters of advice.  This was confirmed by a 2009 report of the Federal Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development which commented:

We found that the Department does not have adequate quality assurance and … cannot demonstrate that projects that represent a risk to fish habitat have been adequately assessed … the Department rarely monitors whether project proponents actually comply with the Department’s conditions of approval or whether proponents’ actions effectively maintained the expected no net loss in habitat.

The status quo leaves thousands of projects that might have been assessed under the CEAA without the level of scrutiny that may have been contemplated by parliament.

This brings us to the context for the case of Cassiar Watch v. Canada (Minister of Fisheries and Oceans) 2010 FC 152, which challenges the issuing of letters of advice head-on.  In 2007 Shell Canada proposed two projects in Northern British Columbia.  Both proposals involved features located on a poorly maintained stretch of Ealue Lake Road that runs adjacent to and crosses the Klappan River in Northern British Columbia to allow access to coal bed methane tenures held by Shell.  Two crossings had washed out and Shell Canada proposed to repair them.  Crossings are typically understood to be a risk to fish habitat.

The significance of the assessment of this project and others like it in the region cannot be overstated.  The project was to be one of many large resource extraction projects proposed for a region of BC referred to as the “sacred headwaters”.  The area is an alpine basin that is the source of the Skeena, Nass and Stikine Rivers and the traditional territory of the Tahltan First Nation.  Coalbed methane extraction is a relatively new and expanding project type in Canada, which raises environmental impact issues including landscape alteration, water quality and quantity issues, as well as fish and forest habitat impacts. Shell’s northern BC coalbed methane project, like many others in the headwaters region also presented specific issues related to its location in woodland caribou and salmon habitat.  At stake in the Shell project is whether fish and caribou using communities could benefit from a full impact assessment.

In November 2007 DFO issued a letter of advice to Shell Canada that the two crossings of the Klappan River were not likely to result in HADD of fish habitat.  The result was that no s.35(2) authorization was required, and no federal environmental assessment would be conducted.  A local group called Cassiar Watch sought judicial review of the letter of advice itself.

The legal questions for determination before the court were: does the Minister have authority to issue a letter of advice; and is the letter of advice of November 2007 subject to judicial review? In February 2010 Justice Campbell of the Federal Court Trial Division dismissed Cassiar Watch’s application for judicial review.  Justice Campbell found that:

In my opinion, the LOA of November 9, 2007 is not amenable to judicial review because it is a non-binding opinion which has no legal effect.

Justice Campbell also found that Cassiar Watch did not reply to and therefore did not challenge the arguments advanced by DFO and Shell Canada regarding whether or not DFO had the authority to issue letters of advice.  The court accordingly appeared to accept the argument of Shell that DFO could rely on the “doctrine of jurisdiction by necessary implication” as well as the argument of DFO that it could rely on the Minister’s “general authority to manage the fishery” under section 4 of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Act.

From an environmental perspective the benefit from the decision is limited to the clarity that a letter of advice can not have the effect of an exemption in law from the required authorization if harmful alteration, disruption or destruction of fish habitat ensues from the project.   However, Justice Campbell did not address the underlying significance of evading environmental assessment triggers through issuing a letter of advice.

The court also did not address the question of the utilization of letters of advice that may be based on incomplete or inaccurate information about both the project and the aquatic habitat in question.   Such inaccuracies are highly likely to result from failing to do an environmental assessment that would fully outline all of those factual issues for assessment and include public input.  It remains to be seen if letters of advice can be used as defences to prosecution where in fact there is harm to fish habitat without any authorization and the advice in the letter is unreasonable.

This is a truly disappointing outcome.  It demonstrates along with the recent Supreme Court of Canada case in MiningWatch that Canadian courts are failing to grasp the importance of fully assessing projects that involve disruption of fish habitat so that they will be completed in a sustainable manner and failing to uphold legislative intent to do so in the face of incompatible departmental policies.  This is the second such case of failure in the sacred headwaters region of British Columbia this year.

This case appears as well in the context of proposed amendments to the Fisheries Act previously tabled in 2006 and 2007 that are to be tabled again this session and would also result in legally eliminating environmental assessments for all s. 35(2) authorizations by removing that section from the Law List Regulations under the CEAA.  If these amendments are passed, we may well find that letters of advice are discarded and authorizations again become the norm.  If so, it will represent an astonishing period of time (over a decade) during which the legislative intention of CEAA to assess projects that would disrupt fish habitat was successfully circumvented by DFO officials without meaningful judicial oversight.

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